西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856~1939)，奥地利心理学家、精神病学家，精神分析学派的创始人。有人将他和马克思、爱因斯坦合称为改变现代思想的三个犹太人，他的学说、治疗技术，以及对人类心灵世界的理解，开创了一个全新的心理学研究领域。1856年，弗洛伊德出生于摩拉维亚，他的父亲是一个开明而严格的人，母亲是一位典型的犹太家庭妇女。I860年弗洛伊德举家迁往维也纳，并在那里生活和工作，直至生命的最后两年。在学生时代，弗洛伊德就对整个人生产生了兴趣。当他进人维也纳大学读医科时，一开始并没有集中精力攻读医学，而是对生物学产生了兴趣。他在德国著名科学家布吕克的实验室里花了6年的时间进行生理学研究。1882年他订了婚，需要一个有可靠收人的职业，为此他不得不开始在维也纳总医院当医生。1886年他同玛莎结婚，并建立了自己的“神经症”私人诊所。他一直维持着这个诊所，直至生命的最后一刻。
Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation:[zikmnt ft]),born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939),was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry.[1] Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression,and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient,technically referred to as an "analysand",and a psychoanalyst.Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life,as well as for his therapeutic techniques,including the use of free association,his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship,and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires.He was an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy,and a prolific essayist,drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the history,interpretation and critique of culture.While some of Freud's ideas have fallen out of favor or have been modified by Neo-Freudians,and modern advances in the field of psychology have shown flaws in some of his theories,Freud's work remains seminal in humans' quest for self-understanding,especially in the history of clinical approaches.In academia,his ideas continue to influence the humanities and social sciences.He is considered one of the most prominent thinkers of the first half of the 20th century,in terms of originality and intellectual influence.
人类的三大本能转变，即：生存本能，求偶本能，社会本能；有一个历史的演绎过程，从原古到现代不断进化转变；人类生存本能，从原始猿人类进化到人类的标志是，用火的转变，由天雷击燃，到摩擦生火，从生吞到熟食，促进了人类大脑发育和群体智力增强。人类求偶本能，从早期人类群居时代，到原始社会家庭的出现，人类经历了杂交到配偶的婚属转变，对改变生物属性的人类基因退化，起到了趋良作用。人类社会本能，原始社会的出现，促成了人类社会性转变，从个体，到小群体，再到大型氏族，氏族联盟，直到国家的诞生；个体人由此向社会人转变，同时使得任何人，都离不开组织和团队，社会和国家而独自生存，人类个体安全保障，时刻与社会和环境紧密相联。
