利用静电感应、高压静电场的气体放电等效应和原理,实现多种加工工艺和加工设备.在电力、机械、轻工、纺织、航空航天以及高技术领域有着广泛的应用.
静电除尘和分选 静电除尘是利用静电场的作用, 使气体中悬浮的尘粒带电而被吸附,并将尘粒从烟气中分离出来而将其去除.这是静电应用的主要方面,可用于各种工厂的烟气除尘.
静电喷涂 利用静电吸附作用将聚合物涂料微粒涂敷在接地金属物体上,然后将其送入烘炉以形成厚度均匀的涂层.电晕放电电极使直径 5~30微米的涂料粒子带电,在输送气力和静电力的作用下,涂料粒子飞向被涂物,粒子所带电荷与被涂物上的感应电荷之间的吸附力使涂料牢固地附在被涂物上.一般经2~3秒,涂层即可达40~50微米厚.
静电喷漆是在高压静电场作用下,使从喷枪喷出来的漆雾带上电荷,这种带电的漆雾,向带异号电荷的工件表面吸附,沉积成均匀的涂膜.静电喷涂的漆液利用率甚高,可达80~90%.主要用于汽车、机械、家用电器等行业.
喷撒农药的静电喷雾机和静电喷粉机均装设静电喷头,利用数百到数千伏的高压直流电源通电到喷头,使药液或药粉颗粒带电,而防治目标则由静电感应而引发出相反极性的电荷,从而使药液或药粉颗粒在静电场作用下奔向防治目标.利用静电作用能显著提高命中率,减少药剂损失和对环境的污染,并可将药剂喷洒到目标的背面以增强防治效果.
静电纺纱 在纺纱过程中利用静电场对纤维的作用力,使纤维得到伸直、排列和凝聚,并在自由端须条加拈时起到平衡的作用,使纺纱能连续进行.是属于自由端纺纱范畴的一种新型纺纱技术.美国于1949年首先进行研究,现在世界上仍处于理论探讨和试验阶段,尚未达到工业生产规模.从1958年开始研究,现已建立了中试车间,并能稳定地进行几十个品种的生产.静电纺纱装置是由单纤维供应机构、静电场发生器、加拈器和卷绕机构 4个部分所组成.主要工艺流程为并条给湿,低速刺辊分梳,气流剥棉输送,封闭容器电场中定向排列及高速回转加拈成纱.存在问题是纱疵较多,劳动生产率及经济效益还赶不上传统纺纱工艺.但其优点是产量高,大成形,将粗纱、细纱、筒子 3道工序合为一道,且用电省.特别是用于生产包芯竹节、彩色竹节及混纺方面更能显示静电纺纱的优越性.
静电植绒 利用静电场作用力使绒毛极化并沿电场方向排列,同时被吸着在涂有粘合剂的基底上成为绒毛制品.其装置由两个平行板电极构成.其中下电极接地,并在其上放置基底材料和短纤维;上电极板施加高压直流电,两电极间形成强电场.以仿麂皮绒产品为例,其工作过程是:将35~60千伏高压电源的负极接入装有绒毛的金属网框上,涂有粘合剂的基底材料置于金属托架上,并接入电源的正极,使金属网框和金属托架之间形成静电场.经过整形处理后的绒毛通过金属网孔以后,进入电场被极化,并使其转动而平行于电场方向,沉于基底而被粘敷,形成植绒物品.目前主要产品类型有:纤维制品如地毯、坐垫、人造皮毛和印花绒布等;塑料制品如装饰布、保护用吸声布及赋有表面弹性的制品等;金属制品有装饰材料、保护材料和隔热材料等;其他还有用于装饰的木制壳体和纸制壳体等.
静电复印 利用光电导敏感材料在曝光时按影像发生电荷转移而存留静电潜影,经一定的干法显影、影像转印和定影而得到复制件.所用材料为非银感光材料.静电复印有直接法和间接法两种.前者将原稿的图像直接复印在涂敷氧化锌的感光纸上,又称涂层纸复印机;后者将原稿图像先变为感光体上的静电潜像,然后再转印到普通纸上,故又称普通纸复印机.按显影剂形态是干粉还是液体又可分为干式和湿式两类.目前世界各国生产的以干式间接法静电复印机为主.常用的复印材料有氧化锌、硒、硫化镉等无机光电导材料,以及聚乙烯咔唑(PVK)、三硝基芴酮(TNF)等有机光电导材料.静电复印过程为:首先使敏感层均匀充电;然后用原稿进行反射曝光;由于光照部位光电导层电荷密度的差异而形成静电潜像,经热塑性的调色剂作覆盖干法显影处理(显影);将白纸覆在敏感层上再次充电使影像转移到纸上(转印);经瞬时加热使调色剂固定在纸上(定影)而得到复印件.静电复印体系同过去的湿法显影复印技术相比有显著的优点:简便,迅速,清晰,对操作人员无污染.静电复印技术近年来得到了很大的发展,现代的静电复印机具有很高的复印速率,可扩印和缩印,也可复印彩色原件.它满足了现代社会对于信息记录和信息显示的需要.70年代,由微处理机控制的复印机问世,使复印机能执行复杂的程序并具有多种功能,例如,自诊断显示系统能使用户或维修人员快速排除故障,提高了工作质量和效率.静电复印与现代通信技术以及电子计算机技术和激光技术等结合起来,成为信息网络中的一个重要组成部分.在近距离或远距离传输过程中作为读取和记录信息的终端,是办公自动化中的一环.
静电制版是利用静电复印原理,使具有光电导性能的纸版成为静电照相版.与传统的照相制版相比,静电制版速度快、工序少、成本低、操作简便、节约白银.其中光电导纸版是关键,一般采用成本低、制作易、毒性小的氧化锌纸版,它由氧化锌微粉体分散在绝缘树脂中,并和其他一些物质涂布在纸基上制成.
在高技术领域的应用 静电在高技术领域也得到一些应用,主要有:①静电火箭发动机.属电火箭发动机的一种,与化学火箭发动机不同,所用的能源与工质分开.静电火箭发动机的特点是比冲高、寿命长(可起动上万次,累计工作上万小时),但推力很小,适用于航天器的姿态控制、位置保持和星际航行等.静电火箭发动机的工质(如汞、铯、氢等)从贮存箱经过电离室电离成离子,在引出电极的静电场力作用下加速形成射束.离子射束与中和器发射的电子耦合形成中性的高速束流,喷射而产生推力.推力通常在(0.5~25)×10-5牛之间,比冲达 8500~20000秒.②静电轴承.利用电场力使轴悬浮的滑动轴承.用电场力和磁场力共同悬浮的是组合式轴承.因静电轴承需要很高的电场强度,其应用受到限制,只在少数特殊仪表中使用.③静电陀螺仪.又称电浮陀螺.是陀螺传感器的一种.在金属球形空心转子的周围装有均匀分布的高压电极,对转子形成静电场,用静电力支承高速旋转的转子.这种属于球形支承,转子不仅能绕自转轴旋转,同时也能绕垂直于自转轴的任何方向转动,故属自由转子陀螺仪类型.静电场仅有吸力,转子离电极越近吸力就越大,这就使转子处于不稳定状态.用一套支承电路改变转子所受的力,可使转子保持在中心位置.静电陀螺仪采用非接触支承,不存在摩擦,所以精度很高,其漂移率低达10-3~10-5度/时,是高精度惯性导航系统的重要元件.但它不能承受较大的冲击和振动.其另一缺点是结构和制造工艺复杂,成本较高.④静电透镜,是电子透镜中的一种.在旋转对称型的若干个导体电极上分别加上一定的直流电压所形成的旋转对称静电场.例如,由等半径或不等半径的双圆筒电极构成的浸没透镜;由等半径或不等半径的3个圆筒或3个光阑构成的单电位透镜,以及由阴极、调制极和阳极构成的阴极透镜.
环氧树脂网格布是将无碱玻璃纤维纱、涤纶丝交织成带方形孔洞的网格胚布后经高温脱水,浸以环氧树脂胶,经烘干固化定型而成。该产品环氧树脂浸渍透彻,内部无气泡、无局放,绝缘等级高,可达到H级,主要用于浇注式变压器和电抗器。
2-3.Pulse spreads the water implement:The water-entering device of pulse is one kind of the principle making use of negative pressure vacuum ,produce a gap on making water-entering in time ,think that negative pressure destroys the streams forming one strands of stronger pulse being able to carry out undersea mixing on anaerobic acidification living things iron pool ,prevent from adopt air mixing to be brought into oxygen,abuse having avoided mechanical rabble consumption electric energy at the same time,fully utilize water pump lifting waste water potential energy.The water-entering effect stirs pulse under being that pool is in progress to anaerobic living things iron.Pulse water disposal machine:2-4.Anaerobic living things iron filter chamber (UASB):Common existence of anaerobic average biochemistry handicraft stays for time be long,problem that degradation effect dispatches.But,the anaerobic living things iron technology makes the characteristic handling a technology in the waste water front for raising chickens having the following:1.A several kinds raw material composition primary battery giving first place to iron charcoal system is made use of to be allotted self PD set ,is provide electrochemical reaction sources of energy,apposition power source electrochemistry reaction carries out electrochemistry reaction unnecessarily as usual ,iron is a positive electrode ,carbonizes iron being a negative electrode in electrochemistry reaction,in the positive electrode produces new divalent iron Fe2,before negative electrode produce new organism's habits ion,oxidation-reduction reaction happened in being able to and water pollution,organic small one's part of presenting some gifts for a friend with matter Hua Wei difficult to untie dyestuff waiting.2.Flocculation reaction effect.Produce Fe2 time tiny electrolysis in the positive electrode ,O2 reaction very easy to draw forms Fe3 ,generate Fe (OH) having the strong adsorption ability 3 it is one kind of activity colloid flocculation thing ,can water SS and the coloured base group adsorption be sunk together but get takeoff.3.Kiss living things of iron bacterium degradation:Some close iron bacteria can gain a nourishment in the chemical reaction from iron in waste water ,these are addicted to the iron bacterium can consume acetic acid in the process of able tervalence of divalent iron conversion,lactic acid waits for matter ,factual proof:These bacteria break up organic distant ability ratio methane bacterium and product methane bacterium ,sulfate restores the bacterium is strong ,Cheng is ferrous as long as having the deoxidation bacterium there existing iron in iron to restore to be determining always first ,these bacteria have mycoderm forming the ceaseless supersession outside in iron adhere to self.In the process of iron iron electrolysis- living things treatment,the above-mentioned several kinds reaction coordination effect produces the synthetical effect's.Think that the close iron bacterium breeds in large amount after the iron surface forms mycoderm,the living things iron degradation pollution organic has become the leading factor effect right away.Mycoderm has protected but iron ,the corrosion using iron has slowed down greatly.Make living things iron structure maintain pretty long life-span thereby.4.Since organic thickness in chicken excrement is very high,but,the dyadic anaerobic belonging to the upper circles reactor (UASB) has treatment handicraft of integration of height easy to be able to dislodge load low with anaerobism reaction and iron living things filter chamber easy to wait for this handicraft of characteristic to adopt tradition selling result at reduced prices in the field of the organic waste water handling high concentration.